Various pathogens can cause neuroinfections of the central nervous system (CNS), but viruses are the most common and can result in severe neurological symptoms with fatal outcomes. Viral infections of the CNS not only directly affect host cells and cause immediate changes in many cellular processes but also trigger a strong immune response. The regulation of this immune response in the CNS depends on microglia, a type of immune cell, and astrocytes, which support blood vessels and ventricle cavities. Astrocytes are among the first cells to become infected by viruses that enter the CNS and are increasingly recognized as a potential reservoir for viruses in the CNS. The immune response to intracellular virus particles within astrocytes can have significant effects on cellular and tissue physiology and morphology, contributing to recurring neurological issues. Various viruses from different families have been confirmed to infect astrocytes. Astrocytes express multiple receptors that detect viral particles and trigger signaling pathways, leading to an innate immune response. This review summarizes current knowledge on virus receptors that activate astrocytes’ release of inflammatory cytokines and the role of astrocytes in the immune functions of the CNS.